Must include:

① Article title (concise and informative, avoiding abbreviations and formulas unless widely accepted);

② Author names (full names, correctly spelled; original names may be included following English transliteration);

③ Affiliations (indicated with lowercase letter superscripts below author names, including complete mailing address, country, and email address);

④ Corresponding author (clearly identified, responsible for communication throughout the process);

1. Abstract: Maximum 250 words, concise and factual. State the research purpose, key results, and core conclusions. It should be self-contained, avoiding citations (author and year may be included if necessary), and non-standard abbreviations (define upon first use if essential).

2. Keywords: 3-5, written in English. Avoid multi-word keywords (including "and" and "of"). Abbreviations must be well-established in the field.

1. Chapter Division: Divide into clearly defined sections (Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, etc.), distinguished by headings. A decimal numbering system may be used (no more than three levels).

2. Appendices (if any): Labeled as A, B, etc. Formulas, tables, and figures in appendices must be numbered separately (e.g., Equation A.1, Table A.1, Figure A.1).

1. Submission Requirements: Submit as editable text (not images), place adjacent to relevant text, and number in the order of appearance in the text.

2. Format Guidelines: ① Include a descriptive title; table footnotes should be placed below the table. ② Avoid vertical rules and shading. ③ Ensure data does not duplicate results presented elsewhere in the article. ④ Cite all tables in the main text.

1. Submission Requirements: Submit as separate files (text graphics may be embedded in the corresponding position), number in the order of appearance in the text, and follow file naming conventions (e.g., Fig 1, Fig 2). Cite all figures in the main text.

2. Format and Resolution: ① Vector graphics: EPS or PDF format (with fonts embedded or saved as outlines). ② Color/grayscale photographs (halftones): TIFF, JPG, or PNG format, minimum 300 dpi (minimum 1063 pixels for single column, 2244 pixels for full page width). ③ Bitmap line drawings: TIFF, JPG, or PNG format, minimum 1000 dpi (minimum 3543 pixels for single column, 7480 pixels for full page width). ④ Composite figures: TIFF, JPG, or PNG format, minimum 500 dpi (minimum 1772 pixels for single column, 3740 pixels for full page width). ⑤ Low-resolution files (e.g., GIF, BMP) and images with mismatched dimensions and font proportions are not accepted.

3. Figure Legends: Provide separately, including a brief title and detailed description. Explain symbols and abbreviations used in the figure; avoid excessive text within the figure.

1. Citation Guidelines: In-text citations must correspond one-to-one with the reference list. Citations in the abstract must be fully annotated. Unpublished work and personal communications may be mentioned in the main text; if included in the reference list, indicate "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication". "In press" citations must refer to work that has been accepted for publication.

2. Format Requirements: Maintain consistent formatting, including author names, journal/book title, article title (if applicable), year of publication, volume, issue, page numbers, and DOI (preferred). For journal articles, list all authors (for more than six authors, list the first three followed by "et al."). For online references, include the full URL and date of last access. For preprint references, indicate "preprint" along with the server name and DOI.

3. Citation Style: Either author-date style (e.g., Amelia 2025) or numeric style (e.g., [5]) may be used, but consistency must be maintained throughout the manuscript. After acceptance, the manuscript will be formatted according to the journal's unified style.

1. Requirements: Relevant and accurate to the research. Cite all supplementary files in the main text. Name them separately and provide a concise description upon submission.

2. Format: Will not be modified by the production team; ensure no errors. Submit large files in compressed formats (.zip/.rar). Supported formats include video, audio, datasets, questionnaires, etc. Video files should have an aspect ratio of 16:9 or 4:3, with a maximum file size of 2GB. Supported video formats include avi, wmv, mp4, etc.

1. Language: Manuscripts must be written in English (unless specific journals have other language requirements). Ensure correct grammar and fluent expression; professional language editing services may be sought if needed.

2. Units of Measurement: Use the International System of Units (SI) with standardized symbols (physical quantity symbols in italics, unit symbols in upright type).

3. Equations: Use consecutive numbering and label them in the main text, such as "Equation (1)". They should be provided in an editable format—using symbols or an equation editor—do not embed them as graphics.

4. Inclusive Language: Avoid discriminatory language based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability, or health status. Use gender-neutral language (e.g., plural nouns) and avoid stereotypes.

5. Date Format: Write in full (e.g., August 1, 2019); avoid all-numeric formats to prevent confusion.

6. Abbreviations: Provide the full term upon first occurrence. Common abbreviations (e.g., DNA) do not require definition. Use abbreviations consistently throughout the manuscript.